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- <text id=91TT0782>
- <title>
- Apr. 15, 1991: Who Are the Kurds?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Apr. 15, 1991 Saddam's Latest Victims
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 27
- Who Are the Kurds?
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Centuries of oppression have made them a people prepared to die
- for nationhood
- </p>
- <p> It is not the first time Kurdish hopes for a homeland have
- ended in disaster. Their guerrillas call themselves peshmerga--those who face death--and over the years many have perished in
- aborted attempts to carve out a homeland of their own from the
- lands of rulers who despise them. In Iraq Saddam Hussein has for
- years tried to eliminate them. Since 1975 four of every five
- Kurdish villages have been leveled; many of their residents have
- been moved to resettlement towns and detention camps in the
- southern deserts. When the U.S.-led coalition drove the Iraqi
- army from Kuwait, hundreds of thousands of displaced Kurds
- trekked north to reclaim their ancestral lands--only to be
- attacked by Saddam and forced to flee again.
- </p>
- <p> A People Apart
- </p>
- <p> The Kurds' ethnic roots reach back thousands of years to
- the dawn of Mesopotamia. They were not actually called Kurds
- until the 7th century, when most of them converted to Islam.
- Numbering between 14 million and 28 million, most Kurds are
- devout Sunni Muslims who speak a western Iranian language
- related to Farsi. Kurdistan has no official borders, but
- stretches from the Zagros Mountains in Iran through parts of
- Iraq, Syria and eastern Turkey. Most Kurds today are farmers who
- live in small villages noted for their competitive clan
- structure and unruliness. They have at times even earned a
- reputation for brutality. The Turks provoked some Kurdish tribes
- to join in the massacre of Armenians near the end of the 19th
- century. Perhaps the most famous Kurd in history was Saladin,
- the legendary military leader who battled Richard the Lionheart
- and proved the wiliest and most effective defender of Islam
- against the invading Crusaders.
- </p>
- <p> Years of Defeat
- </p>
- <p> 1920. Before World War I, the Kurds were split between the
- Ottoman and Persian empires. In the postwar Treaty of Sevres,
- the colonial powers promised to create a unified independent
- Kurdish homeland, but the treaty was never ratified.
- </p>
- <p> 1925. Kurds rose up against the government in Turkey, but
- their revolt was soon crushed.
- </p>
- <p> 1946. A Soviet-backed Kurdish republic called Mahabad was
- formed in Iran. When the Soviets withdrew, leaving the Kurds to
- defend themselves, the republic was overthrown by Iranian
- troops.
- </p>
- <p> 1961. Under the leadership of Mustafa Barzani, organized
- armed resistance began against Iraqi rule.
- </p>
- <p> 1970. Iraq's Baath Party attempted to pacify rebellious
- Kurds with an offer of autonomy, but the agreement broke down.
- </p>
- <p> 1974-75. The Kurds resumed their fight, this time with the
- backing of the Shah of Iran. But they were abandoned when the
- Shah and Saddam Hussein cut a deal. Iran agreed to halt aid to
- the Kurds, and in exchange Iraq agreed to share sovereignty of
- the Shatt al-Arab waterway, which provides access to the Persian
- Gulf.
- </p>
- <p> 1988. Saddam avenged Kurdish support of Iran in the 1980-88
- Iran-Iraq war. His army used poison gas against the town of
- Halabja, killing 5,000 Kurds, and destroyed thousands of
- villages.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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